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Postgraduate study in the
Centre for Cultural and Media Studies

University of Natal, Durban

Cultural studies is an interdisciplinary field. It examines texts and sub-texts and their relationships to power relations within contexts

Mediating Culture and Society

Popular culture, cultural expressions and analysis of media-society interfaces, cinema, broadcasting, print, new media and social impacts, cyber-culture, the techno/culture intersection, and hypermedia are just some of the topics taught and studied in the Centre for Cultural and Media Studies (CCMS).

Cultural and media policy research, development communication issues, African cinema, documentary film and visual anthropology are some of the Centre's current emphases. CCMS is South Africa's premier teaching/research media centre and the only one devoted entirely to graduate education. As such, it offers:

* personalised and in-depth small group tuition;

* an exciting and SUPPORTIVE research environment which draws on the expertise of academics, professionals and institutions internationally;

* opportunities for students to develop their own projects and niches through which to explore their particular interests;

* a creative environment which encourages innovation, exploration and development across the region;

* a cosmopolitan environment of mature South African and international students;

* opportunities to integrate theory with practice through professional application; and ...

* KwaZulu-Natal's cultural energy - a kaleidoscope of surf, drumbeats and real life experiences - informs practical applications. Read the beach as a semiotic exercise! Coursework Master of Arts in Media Studies

CCMS introduced a Course Work Master of Arts in Media Studies in 1994. The course has attracted applicants from all over the world.

Newspaper editors and TV producers interviewed on the introduction of the course argued that the post-apartheid era requires new approaches, critical journalists, and a greater understanding of the needs and frames of reference of a wider range readers and writers. Khaba Mkize, General Manager, Natal Broadcasting for example, talks of "communitarian journalism", the "the greening of journalism" and "story-telling" in addition to "events-telling". David Willers, former editor of the Natal Witness, holds that "Interdisciplinary education prepares graduates as editorial writers and leaders because they can see beyond the obvious, they understand things in greater depth". Ken Owen, ex-editor of the Sunday Times, has called for graduates who critically understand the workings of the media industry. They should also have the will to protect the practice and ethics of journalism in financial and political environments that are becoming increasingly hostile to journalistic independence and quality. European Union broadcasting and Telecommunications Advisor, Dr Richard Collins, states, "CCMS is unique for scholars and policy makers. The Centre combines extensive expertise of acknowledged international standard on all aspects of cultural and media policy with up-to-date awareness of regional issues". Others argue the need for a course capable of equipping graduates with critical abilities to analyze complex social, economic and historical processes. Brian Dyke, The Star's training manager expressed support for a degree which educates media professionals who do not already have an undergraduate journalism education. Development agencies and churches have also indicated the need for a course addressing African media needs in terms of development support communication.

Background: Locational Factors

Durban has significant media infrastructures: six major newspapers, ten widely distributed and highly profitable suburban newspapers, South Africa's largest magazine industry (Republican Press), Natal Broadcasting Services (part of the SABC) with three major radio stations, and the independent radio station, Capital Radio. In addition, numerous initiatives are under way to establish community, educational and commercial radio and TV stations. The region also houses a number of community-oriented and suburban publications published in Durban, Pinetown, Amanzimtoti, Pietermaritzburg, Port Shepstone and Stanger. A number of trade union and ecumenical presses are also located in the Durban area.

Media and information have become central economic motors of advanced economies

Need for the Course: Economic Factors

A massive growth of media channels, technologies and markets has occurred throughout the world over the last decade. These range from satellite, telecommunications, video text and information technologies to national and international newspapers, regional, community and specialist newspapers and magazines. The introduction of the KU-Band satellite, and the immanent digitalization of the SABC, will dramatically alter the entire broadcasting airscape.

South Africa has not escaped the international trend towards multifaceted development of the media and an information economy. The local demand for media professionals in all sectors of commerce and the state is increasing faster than they can be trained by tertiary institutions. Deregulation of the airwaves as recommended by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) and the introduction of the new KU band satellite will lead to the rapid development of privately-owned, university-based and community-run radio and TV stations. As electronic media develop in sophistication targeting existing and new markets, so print media will have to reorganize itself in response to these developments, often finding new niches, opening up new opportunities and spreading to economic and leisure activities which previously had no need of media.

The current period calls for media education to facilitate:

* better-educated media professionals capable of reporting sensitively and perceptively on the changes and tensions in our society in terms of both surface events and structural sub-currents;

* professionals who have knowledge beyond journalism skills and practices alone. This relates to knowledge of content and process - economics, politics, social, science, education, finance, engineering, sport, arts and so on, and how to report on these;

* an understanding of how new media technologies interact with each other, how they merge information flows, and how these can be, and are, mediated through the different channels to different (or the same) audiences. The latter is of crucial importance if southern Africa is to become competitive in the global information economy, of which the press and broadcasting are merely two components;

* understanding and constructively exploiting the dramatic changes in the political economy of southern African media. These result from corporate buyouts of South African companies by international firms (eg. Argus by Heinz Foods) on the one hand; and on the other, the purchase by South African firms of African media, and the securing of licensing agreements with African and European countries (eg. Multi-Choice Africa and Filmnet, both associated companies of M-NET). The long-term structural changes ensuring require a new understanding of regional arrangements and global, and political and economic processes in relation to new transmission technologies;

* interaction between professionals from non-media sectors with media industries;

* the growth in media education is a rapidly developing element of schools and tertiary institutional syllabi. The developing of critical media-literate citizens who can productively enter the information economy is crucial to any country's development;

* The growing demand for media researchers and media managers requires graduates whose expertise transcends technical skills;

* up-to-date knowledge of emergent multimedia systems and the convergence of these technologies with economic, social and political development;

* critical cultural policy studies, and how intellectual knowledge can be utilised in enhancing democracy and development processes.

DEGREE STRUCTURES

The Honours and Masters degrees in Media Studies should be seen as interlocking, progressive stages which allow candidates with an undergraduate degree to receive a Masters degree within two years. The curriculum over two years is represented in the following tables.

FIRST YEAR: HONOURS DEGREE EQUIVALENT

COURSE	SEMINAR X HRS	MARK
1. Qualitative approaches to Cultural and Media Research	15 x 2 Feb-June	20%
2. Meaning, Culture and Ideology	15 x 2 Feb-June	20%
3. Sociology of Media	15 x 2 Aug-Oct	20%
4. Choice between: * Discourses of Narrative Film and Television * Gender & Culture * Gender & Theatre (Dept of Speech & Drama)	15 x 2 Aug-Oct	20%
5. Professional Skills. Choice between: * Video Production (Introductory & Advanced) * Information Technology (hypermedia, DTP and world-wide web) * Research Methods (Psychology) * Consumer, Advertising & Copyright Law * Electro-Acoustic Music (Music) * Acoustics (Electronic Engineering)	varies	20%

Notes

* Students who have appropriate qualifications or experience in video may register directly for the Advanced Video course. Such advanced students would be required to take the Information Technology course as their second Professional

* Acceptance to options offered by the Departments of Law, Music & Electronic Engineering is at the discretion of their respective heads.

* Certain options may not be on offer in particular years. Applicants are asked to check with the Programme's director on availability.

SECOND YEAR: MASTER'S DEGREE

1. Political Economy of the Media	15 x 2 Feb-June	12.5%
2. Media, Democracy and Development	15 x 2 Feb-June	12.5%
3. Choice between: * Visual Anthropology (CCMS) * Discourses of Narrative Film & TV * Media Education (Education) * Gender & Culture * Gender & Theatre (Dept of Speech & Drama):	varies	12.5%
Professional Skills Course (see above) * Communications (Electronic Eng) * Data Communications & Telematics	varies	12.5
Field Research Attachment and Applied Research Project	four weeks	25%
Research paper for journal publication	-	25%

Descriptions of course content and curricula:

First Year: Honours Equivalent

This year consists of five modules: four academic courses, one professional / research course and a professional skills course. Courses (1) and (2) will run from mid-February to the end of June, followed by an examination. Courses (3) and (4) will run from beginning of August to mid-October, followed by an examination. Each course will require two written essays (ie eight submissions per year). The professional attachment can take place during July or November, or part of both. The research paper should be submitted by mid-December.

1) Qualitative Approaches to Media Research: Research methodology and presentation, semiotics and structuralism, language, ideology and meaning systems. Literary, sociological and anthropological approaches to the study of culture.

2) Theories of Meaning and Ideology: What is ideology? The work of early historical materialists, Gramsci and the concept of hegemony, Althusser, the Frankfurt School; Habermas and the theory of the public sphere social theory, structuralism, post-structuralism and post-modernism.

3) Sociology of Media: Theories of communication, news and news practices, sociology of media, the intervention of Cultural Studies in the study of media, introduction to political economy, grammar of radio and television.

4) Discourses of Narrative Film and Television: Exploring the codes and construction of narrative, oppositional, African/Third Cinema, television and video `entertainment' genres such as sitcoms, soap operas and drama series.

Or Gender and Culture: Provides an exciting combination of gender studies and theories of culture. An introduction into the domain of both feminism and masculinity is understood against a background of cultural studies, sociol

Or

Gender & Theatre (The Politics of Performance): Deconstructing the canon; Feminism Literary criticism; the individual and the collective Women playwrights. Feminism, Theatre and South Africa: Interconnections of power struggles - Rac

5) A professional skills course, chosen from the following options:

5a) Information Technology: Theory deals with issues of the Information Age, power, creativity and cyberculture. Practical applications offers print production and design and interactive technology using Internet. Specifically: wordprocessing, Windows, Pagemaker, graphics, Coreldraw, hypertext, World Wide Web.

Or

5b) Video Production: This module is offered on two levels: Introduction to Video Technology, which is available to novice students, and Advanced Video Technology, which may be taken by students in their second year, who have already completed the Introductory course, or by students who come into the course with professional experience. The course covers principles of sound, TV, editing and post-editing, cameras, ENG, studio operations, control room and vision mixing and graphics. The course introduces the `language' of video production and technology. Emphasis is placed on tools for understanding how video is practically constructed within a broader understanding of the theoretical discussions on media. Basic skills in video production and conceptualization are tied into a workshopped project incorporating the treatment of scripting and storyboarding, scheduling, lighting, shooting and editing. The project is designed to simulate actual production processes.

Or

5c) Research Methods: (offered by Psychology Dept). Types of data and levels of measurement; probability distributions and related tests; measures of association; regression analysis; multivariate techniques; data problems; computer applications.

Or

5d) Consumer, Advertising & Intellectual Copyright Law: (Offered by Faculty of Law). Or Advertising/Marketing: (offered in Dept. of Business Administration). Advertising, consumer behaviour, market research theory and project, business behaviour.

5e) Electro-Acoutic Music: (offered in the Music Department). Introductory and Avanced courses available at the discretion of the Head of the Music Department. The first course offers multi-track tape recording, mixing, signal processing and introduction to analogue and digital synthesis, musical instrumental digital interface. The second course offers advanced digital synthesis, sampling, computer applications, synchronization, audio pro

5f) Acoustics: (offered by Electronic Engineering). Introductory course offered to Achitectural students. Covers n ature of speech and music, acoutic spaces, reverberation time, variable acoustics, acoustic technology, absorption and reflection, speech reinforcement systems, microphones, loudspeake

6) At the discretion of the Faculty, other options drawn from courses offered in other departments, eg., Literary Theory, Ethnomusicology, and so on may also be considered as substitutes for one of the above. (Pre-requisites may pertain.)

If all work is completed to the satisfaction of the examiners, an Honours degree will be conferred on the successful candidates. Admission to the second year (Master's) degree is at the discretion of the Director and the Dean of the Faculty.

Second Year: Master of Arts in Media Studies (Coursework)

This year consists of six modules: three academic courses, one professional skills course, one professional/research course, and a research journal article. Course (1) will run from mid-February to the end of June, followed by an examination. Course (2) will run from beginning of August to mid-October, followed by an examination. The `option' courses will be individually scheduled at a later date. Each course will require two written submissions (ie six submissions per year). The professional attachment can take place during July or November, or part of both. The research paper should be submitted by mid-December.

1) History and Political Economy of the Southern African Media: How the global media work at the interface of political and economic processes as institutions in different countries. Particular attention is given to how these interact with and impact African media and societies.

2) Media, Democratization and Development: The role that the media can play in creating conducive climates for the extension of democracy and development opportunities. This is a theoretically based course with practical applications.

3) A third academic course, chosen from the following Options, or any approved CCMS Honours course/or course offered by another department. (Some restrictions apply to certain courses).

3a) Documentary Film, Visual Anthropology / Visual Sociology: Cultural and social analysis through applications of film, video, photography, hypermedia and other forms of visual data. 3b) Gender and Culture: (see Honours for description).

3c) Discourses of Narrative Film and Television: (see Honours for description).

3d) Media Education: (offered in the Education Department's B.Ed course and available as an option to CCMS MA students.) Aimed at teachers, this course offers critical understanding of media, content, production and reception, curriculum and materials development, media representations etc. Advanced students may be considered for the M.Ed Theory and Practice of Media Education module. Aimed at teachers with a basic knowledge of media in education, this course provides an historical overview of developments in teaching of English and Media Education, the major educational debates which have helped to shape the disciplines, and the important opportunities provided by the proposed curricular changes on a national level. Includes analysis of teaching materials and approaches to classroom research. 3e) Gender and Theatre: (see Honours for description).

4) A professional skills course: Chosen from the range of courses outlined in year one. Under certain circumstances, the same area of study as the previous year may be chosen, and pursued at a higher level. 4a) Communications (offered in Ele ctronic Engineering). Digital modulation techniques: modulat ion techniques for digital communications. Noise in communicati on systems: principles and comparisons of different 4b) Data Communications and Telematics (offe red in Electronic Engineering). Introduction to computer network s, switching techniques, classes of networks, network structure, and prot ocal layers. The physical layer and medium

5) Field Research Attachment and Applied Research Project: A four week attachment programme within an arm of the media industry - electronic, print, film, advertising or equivalent, will be followed by a critical, evaluative research report which will integrate the theory learnt in the course with the practice experienced in the professional situation. This will be assessed as a research project.

6) Research paper for journal publication: A paper of approximately 6,000 -10,000 words, written in the style of Critical Arts, on a media research topic of the students interest. Topics need to be negotiated with the supervisors, and are subject to supervisory availability.

MA and Ph.D Research Thesis

African, Southern African, regional and local applications of cultural and media studies are our emphasis. Apart from media and cultural studies in general, topics may include media education; orality, popular drama and performance; body language and non-verbal communication; media, sport, leisure and resistance; ethnographic film; community video and radio; issues of representation; ethnicity and cultural identity; gender representations; semiotics; religion and media; and so on.

Thesis MA and Ph.D candidates may be required to undertake specific modules of coursework in preparation for their research topic. Such coursework will be determined by the Director and the Faculty Higher Degree and Research Committee and will require written work and examination. All MA and Ph.D candidates are required to present formal seminars on their thesis research. Papers are pre-circulated for presentation and discussion on Friday afternoons. All students are expected to actively participate in the weekly MA and Ph.D research seminars.

WHO SHOULD APPLY

Candidates wishing to pursue professions broadly relating to media and cultural expression and development, whether in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), mainstream or alternative media, will find the course most useful. Previous and current candidates include:

* experienced media professionals who sought theoretical frames through which to make sense of rapid technological and social change;

* professionals who are wanting to move into creative and management positions in the increasingly interdependent and globalising media channels: print, broadcasting, cinema, internet and value added networks, and so on. These previously separate channels have merged into single distribution networks requiring expertise across media;

* recently graduated students and experienced academics wanting the benefit of interdisciplinary media-related courses and specialist research supervision which reflects both academic and professional experience;

* educators in both formal and non-formal education looking for related lateral career paths. Media as a classroom tool is not CCMS's emphasis; rather our courses examine broader theoretical questions and applications of media, culture and popular performance in curriculum innovation and development of support communication;

* community, development and NGO workers needing to learn about new ways of resolving old problems;

* in the new era of the information economy, knowledge and research become vital commodities in their own right; students are thus seeking research skills to meet the growing needs of this era.

ENTRANCE QUALIFICATION

A Bachelors in any subject for the two year MA programme. Appropriate credits already earned by students in other graduate programmes (Honours degree or equivalent post-graduate qualification) will be transferred at the discretion of the Director and Dean of the Faculty, thus reducing course load. Students leaving the course after the first year will be awarded an Honours degree.

Both Honours & MA courses follow a modular format, with two courses per degree will running over a sixteen week semester, followed immediately by the relevant examinations. This format has been chosen to make the degree modules compatible with other departments in the Faculties of Humanities and Social Science, and will allow for greater interchange in terms of the options on offer. It will also to meet the needs of employed professionals who want to upgrade their qualifications on a part-time basis. Course credits can be earned by students determining their own points of entry and exit. Short-term enrolment requires a minimum of one semester of full-time attendance for sixteen weeks a year. This will allow a student to earn two course credits per semester, working towards the completion of the degree. Students, however, may exit the course at any time, and receive certification for those courses which are complete.

CONTRIBUTING LECTURERS

* P rof Keyan G Tomaselli (CCMS) has worked full-time in the film industry. Appointed Professor in 1985, he is the author of several books, including the seminal Cinema of Apartheid. He has also published widely on print media, and the

* Dr Ruth Teer-Tomaselli (CCMS), SA Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) Board member, holds a Ph.D on broadcasting in South Africa. She is co-editor of two books on South African media. Her research interests include research methodology, social theory, media sociology and public service broadcasting. She is associate editor of Critical Arts.

* Mike Aldridge (CCMS) lectures in information technology and video production. He has worked professionally in both these areas, with a specific interest in cyberculture.

* Wendy Annecke's (Division of Tertiary education) interest in Gender and Culture stems originally from her work on women's social identity, and how therse are constructed in terms of narratives of life-stories and journeys. She is cu

* Shahida Cassim (Acting Head, Business Administration) Advertising and Marketing specialises in consumer behaviour and marketing.

* Jasper Cecil (Director, Audio Visual Centre Video Production) is a BBC-trained producer with extensive technical and production experience.

* Roger Deacon (Dept of Eduction) teaches post-structuralist theory. His present research interests include historiography, social and developmental theory and rural education. He is editor of Theoria and has published in Visual Sociol

* Dr David Johnston (English) teaches social theory with special emphasises on the Frankfurt School and critical theory.

* Lliane Loots (Dept of Speech & Drama) interested in the way in which Gendered Identities are constructed in Media, Theatre & Cultural practices.

* Jeanne Prinsloo (Dept of Education - Media Education) holds an MA from London University in Media in Education, has school teaching and educational video production experience.

* Tanya Woker (Senior Lecturer) has an interest in advertising and consumer law.

* Indran Moodley (Senior Lecturer, Business Law) has a trade union background.

* Jurgen Brauniger (Senior Lecturer in Composition, Dept of Music) has scored numerous films (eg The Lawnmover Man), TV production, radio plays, theatre and dance performances.

* Prof Tony Broadhurst (Electronic Engineering) specialises in acoustic design and was a consultant on the Natal Playhouse complex.

* David Burstein (Senior Lecturer, Electronic Engineering) specialises in radio frequency engineering.

* Dr Fambirai Takawira (Electronic Engineering) holds a Ph.d from Cambridge University, and specialises in communications and information systems.

* Prof James Zaffiro (Politics, Central College, Iowa)/ is widely published on the history and government uses of broadcasting in Zimbabwe and Botswana. He is associated with CCMS via a formal institutional linkage, and is availab

Visiting Professors from all over the world also contribute to the teaching and research activities of the Centre. Outside specialists will be employed as and when necessary.

STAFF MEMBERS

* Susan Govender : Assistant Administrative Officer

* Arnold Shepperson: Researcher

* Kubeshni Govender: Video Producer

* Andrew Jones: Film Maker in Residence

ADVISORY COMMITTEES

An International Advisory Committee monitors CCMS courses and activities:

* Associate Prof Claire Andrade-Watkins (Mass Communications, Emerson College) is a Film-maker and author of numerous articles on African cinema.

* Prof Brenda Dervin (Communication, Ohio State University) is the former editor of Progress in Communication Sciences, and presently edits a communication book series for Hampton Press. She is active in International Association for Mas

* Dr Ri chard Collins (Social Psychology, London School of Economics and Politics) publishes internationally on systems and policy construction broadcasting, and on the social and aesthetic impact of new technologies. He is an advisor on b

* Prof Beverly Hawk (Politics and Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham) is involved with research into the interaction of American scholars and media workers within the African context. She is the editor of Africa's Medi and Issue, the journal of the American African Studies Association (ASA).

* Prof Frances Kasoma (Mass Communication, University of Zambia). A former President of the African Council for Communication Education, Kasoma has published extensively on African media.

* Kwami Kari Kari (Director of the School of Communication Studies, University of Ghana) specialises in research into developmental media. He is active on the African Council for Communication Education.

* Polycarp Ochilo (School of Journalism, University of Nairobi) is a renowned scholar of developmental media and the interface of media and politics in Africa. He is the treasurer of the African Council for Communication Education..

* Prof Helge Ronning (Media and Communication, University of Oslo, Norway) has taught the Diploma in media Studies, University of Zimbabwe, and writes on international trends in mass communication. Through the Nordic-SADC

* Prof Bob White (Centro Interdisciplinare sulla Communicazione Sociale, The Gregorian University) consults for the Food & Agricultural Organisation and edits a book series on Communication and Human Values.

* Prof David Wiley (Sociology and Director, African Studies Centre/ Africa Media Programme, Michigan State University) current research centres on environmental issues in South Africa. He is the co-ordinator of an international research

In South Africa, the Centre is assisted its work by a Media Outreach Committee drawn from the media industries:

* Sunil Bramdaw (Editor, The Leader Durban). The Leader is a long-established community newspaper aimed primarily at a South African Indian readership.

* Edgar Bold (Managing Director, Toron International) is a documentary and feature film director and producer.

* Brian Dyke (Clinical Psychologist with The Star, Johannesburg) is in charge of personnel selection and training.

* Prof Mazisi Kunene (Dept of Zulu Language and Literature, Natal University) is Poet Laurate of Africa, specializing in creative writing and African oral traditions.

* Moosa Moosa (Managing Director, Avalon Theatre Group) has been very active in a business rights campaign to redress imbalances caused by apartheid.

* Dennis Pather (Editor, The Daily News, Natal Newspapers) is a former Nieman Fellow.

* Dr Phila Ndlovu (Natal University Development Foundation) holds a Ph.D in Contemporary South African history and worked in exile as a foreign specialist for Radio Moscow.

* Lionel Ngakane, (Divemay Films / Federation of Pan African Film Makers (FEPACI), Johannesburg). Ngakane is a film producer and cultural activist. He is a founder member of FEPACI and serves on the board of directors of the Film Resource Unit and Newtown Film and TV School, Johannesburg.

* Judy Sandison (SABC Natal) is head of Radio News for Natal Broadcasting Services, which produces news bulletins for Radio Zulu, East Coast Radio and Radio Lotus.

* Anant Singh (Videovision, Durban) is a major international film producer and impresario - his films include Road to Mecca, Sarafina and Cry the Beloved Country. He recently served on the government sponsored Arts and Culture Task Group.

* Rob Waldron (Klatsko and Waldron, Johannesburg) is creative director of an advertising agency specializing in environmental issues. He is also a documentary film maker specialising in ethnographic applications. His other interest is in wildlife issues.

International Linkages

* Centre for Research in Culture and Communication, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia * Department of Politics, Central College, Iowa, USA * International Semiotics Institute, Imatra, Finland * Other linkage arrangements with universities in Africa, the USA and Australia are under negotiation

Institutional Memberships

* African Council for Communication Education, Nairobi, Kenya * International Association for Mass Communication Research, Washington DC * Media Institute of Southern Africa, Windhoek, Namibia * Cultural Environment Movement, Philadelphia, USA * Commission on Visual Anthropology, International Union of Ethnographical and Ethnological Sciences

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE

South African applicants should write directly to the University's Office of Financial Aid. Bursaries have different closing dates, some as early as April in the year prior to study.

MA and Ph.D applicants of whatever nationality are eligible to be nominated for Graduate Assistant bursaries. This bursary covers up to 80% of the tuition fees for the first year of registration. Demonstrator grants further permit holders to work in the Centre for about 100 hours at a fixed rate of pay. The tenure of the graduate assistant bursary is usually two years but is not available in the Honours year. The award of the Graduate Assistantship is not automatic.

Foreign African students are advised that the cost of living in South Africa is high. They should, therefore, apply for bank loans and scholarships in their countries of origin, or from international funding agencies and other sources. Income-earning opportunities are often available to students of any nationality within the Centre on its contract research projects, and through internships, but these kinds of opportunities cannot be guaranteed.

RESIDENCE

Applicants should indicate on their application form whether they require University accommodation. Space is limited, and students may have to live off-campus. Off-campus accommodation can be up to 30% more expensive than University residence fees. Students applying for non-Uni